International Journal of Humanities, Commerce and Education
International Journal of Humanities, Commerce and Education is an International Open Access, Peer-reviewed, Refereed, Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Multilanguage (English, Hindi, Sanskrit, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Gujarati, Kannada, Bengali, Urdu) Online Journal that publishes research in the fields of humanities, commerce, and education. It serves as a platform for scholars, researchers, and practitioners to share original studies, reviews, and innovative ideas that promote interdisciplinary dialogue and address global challenges. The journal covers a wide range of topics, including literature, history, business management, economics, finance, teaching methods, curriculum development, and educational policies. Committed to high academic standards and open access, International Journal of Humanities, Commerce and Education aims to make quality research widely accessible and support the advancement of knowledge worldwide. Important Journal Details Title: International Journal of Humanities, Commerce and Education Journal Short Name: IJHCE ISSN: 3108-0456 (Online) ESTD: 2025 Subject Category: Multidisciplinary Journal Type: International Open Access, Peer-reviewed, Refereed Journal Issue Frequency: Monthly Publication Guidelines: Follow COPE Guidelines Copyright: Creative Commons Publication format: Online Language: Multiple Language (English, Hindi, Sanskrit, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Gujarati, Kannada, Bengali, Urdu) Website URL: https://ijhce.com/ Email id: drankit@lbsdc.org.in | editor@ijhce.com Chief Editor Name: Dr. Ankit Maurya Mobile No: +91 9415093911 Full Address: 407, Ramlila Maidan Malviya Nagar Gonda, Uttar Pradesh (India)- 271001 Publisher Details Publisher: Surya Multidisciplinary Publication Publishers' URL: https://suryampublication.com/ Journal Website URL: https://ijhce.com/ Name: Dr. Ankit Maurya Full Address: 407, Ramlila Maidan Malviya Nagar Gonda, Uttar Pradesh (India)- 271001 Email ID: editor@ijhce.com | info@suryampublication.com Mobile No: +91-9415093911, 9161318085
शिक्षक की पुनर्परिभाषा : मानव शिक्षक, रोबोट शिक्षक और AI Avatar शिक्षक के मध्य भविष्य का शिक्षण
शिक्षण मानवता की सबसे पुरानी और सबसे पवित्र परंपरा है। हजारों वर्षों से मानव शिक्षक इस परंपरा का जीवंत प्रतीक रहा है। किंतु आज जब कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता (AI) और रोबोटिक्स जैसी तकनीकों का ज्वार चारों ओर से उमड़ रहा है, तो एक मूलभूत प्रश्न हर शिक्षक, हर अभिभावक और हर नीति-निर्माता के मन में घुमड़ रहा है - भविष्य में शिक्षक कौन होगा? मानव? रोबोट? या कोई आभासी Avatar? यह शोध पत्र इसी प्रश्न की गहराई में उतरता है। तीन प्रकार के शिक्षकों - मानव शिक्षक, रोबोट शिक्षक और AI Avatar शिक्षक का दार्शनिक, तकनीकी, मनोवैज्ञानिक और सामाजिक दृष्टि से तुलनात्मक अध्ययन करते हुए यह पत्र मिश्रित शिक्षक पारितंत्र (¼Hybrid Teacher Ecosystem) और भावनापूर्ण कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता का एक मौलिक सैद्धांतिक प्रस्ताव रखता है। शोध का निष्कर्ष है कि भविष्य की शिक्षा न पूर्णतः मशीन के हाथ में होगी, न पूर्णतः मानव के - बल्कि वह एक ऐसे सह-अस्तित्व पर टिकी होगी जहाँ मानव की संवेदना, सहृदयता और तकनीक की सटीकता, मिलकर एक नया शैक्षिक युग रचेंगे। मुख्य शब्द: मानव शिक्षक, रोबोट शिक्षक, AI Avatar, Hybrid Teacher Ecosystem, भविष्य की शिक्षा, कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता, NEP 2020
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Humanities, Commerce and Education
सोशल मीडिया का साहित्य बनाम साहित्य का सोशल मीडिया
डिजिटल क्रांति और इंटरनेट के सर्वव्यापी प्रसार ने आज साहित्य के सृजन, विसर्जन, प्रसार और आस्वादन की पूरी प्रक्रिया को आमूल-चूल परिवर्तित कर दिया है। वर्तमान साहित्यिक विमर्श में दो समानांतर किंतु भिन्न प्रवृत्तियाँ उभरकर सामने आई हैं— प्रथम, 'सोशल मीडिया का साहित्य' और द्वितीय, 'साहित्य का सोशल मीडिया'। 'सोशल मीडिया का साहित्य' उस नवीन साहित्यिक सृजन को रेखांकित करता है जो फेसबुक, इंस्टाग्राम, ट्विटर और व्यक्तिगत ब्लॉग्स जैसे डिजिटल मंचों पर सीधे जनमानस द्वारा लिखा जा रहा है, जिसमें तात्कालिकता, लघुता और अनौपचारिकता इसके मुख्य लक्षण हैं। इसके विपरीत, 'साहित्य का सोशल मीडिया' उस परिघटना को दर्शाता है जहाँ पारंपरिक और गंभीर साहित्य, स्थापित रचनाकार तथा प्रकाशन संस्थान अपने विपणन, पाठक-संवाद और प्रसार के लिए इन डिजिटल मंचों का उपयोग कर रहे हैं। प्रस्तुत शोधपत्र इन दोनों प्रवृत्तियों के मध्य के अंतर्संबंधों, उनके भाषाई एवं संरचनात्मक स्वरूप, साहित्यिक मूल्य, और लोकतांत्रिक चेतना का आलोचनात्मक विश्लेषण करता है। यह शोध स्थापित करता है कि जहाँ सोशल मीडिया ने साहित्य का लोकतंत्रीकरण किया है, वहीं इसने साहित्यिक गुणवत्ता, संपादन-शून्यता और कॉपीराइट जैसी गंभीर चुनौतियाँ भी पैदा किया है। मुख्य शब्द: सोशल मीडिया, डिजिटल साहित्य, साहित्यिक विपणन, विमर्श, मुद्रण-संस्कृति, साइबर-संस्कृति।
समकालीन वैश्विक संकटों के संदर्भ में बौद्ध दर्शन का समाजशास्त्रीय विश्लेषण
समसामयिक मानव सभ्यता अभूतपूर्व बहुआयामी संकटों से जूझ रही है। जलवायु परिवर्तन, सामाजिक असमानता, मानसिक स्वास्थ्य महामारी और भू-राजनीतिक संघर्षों ने पारंपरिक समाजशास्त्रीय मॉडलों की सीमाओं को उजागर कर दिया है। यह शोधपत्र समकालीन वैश्विक संकटों के निदान और समाधान के रूप में बौद्ध दर्शन का एक समाजशास्त्रीय विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है। बौद्ध अवधारणाएँ जैसे 'प्रतीत्यसमुत्पाद', 'अनित्य', और 'करुणा' केवल व्यक्तिगत मुक्ति के मार्ग नहीं हैं, बल्कि वे सामाजिक संरचनाओं को समझने के महत्वपूर्ण उपकरण हैं। यह शोधपत्र 'सक्रिय बौद्ध धर्म' के ढाँचे के भीतर यह जांच करता है कि कैसे तृष्णा उपभोक्तावादी पूंजीवाद को बढ़ावा देती है और कैसे 'अहं' सामाजिक ध्रुवीकरण को जन्म देता है? अध्ययन में द्वितीयक स्रोतों जैसे विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन, आई.पी.सी.सी. रिपोर्ट और समकालीन सामाजिक आंदोलनों के संदर्भों का उपयोग किया गया है। गुणात्मक और विश्लेषणात्मक पद्धति का उपयोग करते हुए यह शोधपत्र इस निष्कर्ष पर पहुँचता है कि बौद्ध समाजशास्त्र वैश्वीकरण के इस दौर में एक न्यायसंगत, टिकाऊ और शांतिपूर्ण वैश्विक समाज के निर्माण के लिए एक व्यावहारिक रूपरेखा प्रदान करता है।
बौद्ध दर्शन, मानसिक स्वास्थ्य, पर्यावरण संकट, वैश्विक शांति, असमानता, पूंजीवाद
Psychological Mechanisms Underlying Online Purchase Intention: The Role of Trust and Perceived Risk
Online purchase decisions in electronic commerce are characterised by heightened uncertainty due to the absence of physical interaction and direct product evaluation. To cope with such uncertainty, consumers rely on internal psychological mechanisms when forming purchase intentions. This conceptual paper examines trust and perceived risk as two central psychological mechanisms through which consumers manage uncertainty in online purchasing contexts. Drawing on existing literature, the paper conceptualises perceived risk as a mechanism that amplifies uncertainty and inhibits online purchase intention, while trust functions as a countervailing mechanism that mitigates uncertainty and enhances consumers’ willingness to transact online. By adopting a mechanism-based perspective, this study moves beyond variable-centric explanations and offers a theoretically grounded framework explaining how psychological uncertainty management shapes online purchase intention. The paper contributes to e-commerce literature by clarifying the complementary roles of trust and perceived risk and provides a conceptual foundation for future empirical research.
Online purchase intention; Trust; Perceived risk; Psychological mechanisms; Electronic commerce
सरकारी नीतियाँ और सतत विकास लक्ष्यः पंचायती राज संस्थाओं के माध्यम से ग्रामीण विकास का विश्लेषण
यह अध्ययन सरकारी नीतियों और सतत विकास लक्ष्यों (SDGs) के अंतर्संबंध का विश्लेषण करते हुए, पंचायती राज संस्थाओं के माध्यम से ग्रामीण विकास की वास्तविक स्थिति को समझने का प्रयास करता है। वर्तमान वैश्विक परिदृश्य में सतत विकास लक्ष्य केवल आर्थिक प्रगति तक सीमित नहीं हैं, बल्कि सामाजिक समावेशन, पर्यावरणीय संतुलन और स्थानीय सशक्तिकरण को भी समान रूप से महत्व देते हैं। भारत जैसे विविधतापूर्ण देश में इन लक्ष्यों की प्राप्ति के लिए स्थानीय स्वशासन की संस्थाएँ विशेषतः पंचायती राज एक महत्वपूर्ण माध्यम के रूप में उभरती हैं। अध्ययन का मुख्य उद्देश्य यह मूल्यांकन करना है कि किस प्रकार विभिन्न सरकारी नीतियाँ, जैसे ग्रामीण रोजगार] शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य एवं स्वच्छता से संबंधित योजनाएँ, पंचायती राज संस्थाओं के माध्यम से जमीनी स्तर पर लागू हो रही हैं और उनका ग्रामीण समुदायों पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ रहा है। इसके अंतर्गत यह भी विश्लेषण किया गया है कि स्थानीय प्रतिनिधियों की भागीदारी, पारदर्शिता, उत्तरदायित्व और संसाधनों की उपलब्धता किस हद तक सतत विकास के उद्देश्यों को साकार करने में सहायक सिद्ध हो रही है। यह शोध गुणात्मक एवं मात्रात्मक दोनों पद्धतियों के समन्वय पर आधारित है, जिसमें नीतिगत दस्तावेजों के विश्लेषण, क्षेत्रीय अध्ययन तथा संबंधित हितधारकों के दृष्टिकोण को शामिल किया गया है। अध्ययन के निष्कर्ष दर्शाते हैं कि यद्यपि सरकारी नीतियों ने ग्रामीण विकास के कई आयामों में सकारात्मक परिवर्तन लाए हैं, फिर भी कार्यान्वयन की चुनौतियाँ, प्रशासनिक बाधाएँ और संसाधनों की असमानता सतत विकास लक्ष्यों की पूर्ण प्राप्ति में अवरोध उत्पन्न करती हैं। अंततः यह अध्ययन इस निष्कर्ष पर पहुँचता है कि यदि पंचायती राज संस्थाओं को अधिक स्वायत्तता, संसाधन और क्षमता निर्माण के अवसर प्रदान किए जाएँ, तो वे सतत विकास लक्ष्यों की प्राप्ति में अधिक प्रभावी भूमिका निभा सकती हैं तथा ग्रामीण भारत के समग्र और संतुलित विकास को सुनिश्चित कर सकती हैं।
पंचायती राज संस्थाओं के माध्यम से सरकारी नीतियों का प्रभावी क्रियान्वयन ही सतत विकास लक्ष्यों की प्राप्ति और समावेशी ग्रामीण विकास की कुंजी है।
Mindfulness for Student Well-being and Sustainable Development in Indian Education
The increasing prevalence of stress, anxiety, and emotional challenges among students calls for comprehensive and policy-driven interventions that promote holistic development within the education system. This paper examines mindfulness as a transformative approach for enhancing student well-being in Indian education. Rooted in the Indian Knowledge System, mindfulness draws upon indigenous traditions such as Yoga and meditation, offering culturally grounded and sustainable responses to contemporary mental health concerns. Aligned with the vision of the National Education Policy (NEP 2020), which emphasizes holistic, multidisciplinary, and competency-based education, the study adopts a conceptual and integrative framework to explore how mindfulness contributes to the development of essential life skills, including emotional regulation, self-awareness, and resilience. These competencies are crucial for fostering balanced individuals capable of navigating academic and social challenges effectively. The paper further analyses the role of educational governance in facilitating the integration of mindfulness-based practices within curriculum design, teacher education, and institutional processes. By linking mindfulness with Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and SDG 4 (Quality Education), the study highlights its potential as a sustainable and policy-relevant strategy for improving educational outcomes. It concludes that embedding mindfulness within contemporary educational frameworks can significantly enhance student well-being, strengthen skill development, and contribute to the broader vision of Viksit Bharat @2047 through a more inclusive, resilient, and human-centred education system.
Mindfulness, Student Well-being, NEP 2020, Skill Development, Indian Knowledge System
Industrial Growth and Infrastructure Development in India: Progress, Challenges and the Path to Sustainable Development (SDG9)
Infrastructure, sustainable industrialization, and innovation. Using mixed methods this paper reviews three decades of progress, chronic challenges and a sustainability roadmap in terms of secondary data retrieved from MoSPI (Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation), NITI Aayog, and World Bank sources on the one hand, as well as policy analyses and case studies. Manufacturing’s GDP share is expected to increase from 14% in 2014 to 17% by 2023, which is progress on account of the Make in India and PLI (Production Linked Incentive) schemes. Infrastructure jumps consist of 55,000 km of new national highways, 95.5% household electrification, and tripling airport capacity to accommodate 300 million passengers in a year. Logistics costs fell from 14% of GDP to 8-10% bringing India up the charts as the world’s fifth-largest economy. SDGS scores increased from 57.2 in 2015 to 63.5 in 2022, driven by gains in renewable energy and digital manufacturing. However, challenges persist. Industrial emissions drive 40% of air pollution and Urbanization extenuates an approaching 50% water shortage by 2030. Lagging rural infrastructure; 30% of roads in the countryside unpaved with increasing disparities. But regulatory snags, land conflicts and skills gaps for 70% of workers threaten to blunt momentum, as seen in COVID-1S-linked supply disruptions and climate risks to 60% of investments. The roadmap combines green technology, public-private partnerships, and reforms. Smart cities, circular economies, and AI logistics might cut emissions by 20-30% and create 10 million green jobs. Increased R&D to 2% GDP, NEP 2020 skill programs, and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) incentives will drive innovation. Freight corridors and rural electrification are enablers of inclusivity and may raise SDGS scores to 75 by 2030.This study provides data-driven recommendations to maintain momentum on this front for India, in line with the vision of shared prosperity contained in the SDGs.
Industrial growth, Infrastructure development, Sustainable Development Goal S (SDGS), Make in India, Green technologies
Relevance of Kautilya’s Arthashastra in Modern Financial Management and Corporate Governance: A Conceptual Analysis
The increasing complexity of contemporary business environments has augmented the need for ethical governance, financial discipline, and sustainable economic practices. Despite the evolution of modern financial systems and regulatory frameworks, corporate failures, governance lapses, and financial irregularities continue to challenge organizations globally. In this context, revisiting ancient Indian economic thought provides valuable insights for addressing these issues. Kautilya’s Arthashastra, a seminal treatise on statecraft, economics, and governance, offers a comprehensive framework for financial administration, taxation, auditing, and ethical governance. This study aims to analyze the relevance of Kautilya’s principles in modern financial management and corporate governance through a conceptual and analytical approach. Based on secondary data from classical texts, academic literature, and contemporary governance frameworks, the paper establishes a comparative linkage between ancient principles and modern practices. It highlights that Kautilya’s emphasis on accountability, transparency, efficient resource management, and welfare-oriented policies aligns closely with modern corporate governance standards and sustainability frameworks. The study concludes that integrating Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) with contemporary management practices can significantly enhance organizational efficiency, ethical decision-making, and long-term value creation. It also underscores the relevance of indigenous knowledge in shaping sustainable and inclusive economic models, contributing to the broader vision of Viksit Bharat @2047.
Arthashastra, Corporate Governance, Financial Management, Indian Knowledge System, Ethics, Sustainability
Impact of Consumer Awareness and Product Knowledge on Customer Satisfaction of Electric Two-Wheeler Users
The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has transformed the transportation sector, particularly in developing countries such as India. Among different EV segments, electric two-wheelers are gaining popularity due to their affordability, environmental benefits, and government incentives. However, the adoption and satisfaction level of consumers largely depend on their awareness and knowledge about electric vehicles. This study examines the impact of consumer awareness and product knowledge on customer satisfaction among electric two-wheeler users. The research adopts a mixed-method approach including primary quantitative data collected through survey questionnaires and secondary data obtained from academic journals and reports. The findings reveal that higher levels of consumer awareness regarding EV technology, battery performance, charging infrastructure, and government incentives significantly influence customer satisfaction. The study highlights the importance of consumer education programs and marketing communication strategies to improve awareness and enhance the satisfaction level of electric two-wheeler users.
Electric Vehicles, Consumer Awareness, Product Knowledge, Customer Satisfaction, Electric Two-Wheelers, Sustainable Transportation
Central Bank Digital Currency in India: An Exploratory Study of its Role in Digital Governance and Economic Transformation
The rapid evolution of digital technologies is reshaping the architecture of financial systems worldwide, positioning Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) as a critical innovation in modern monetary frameworks. In India, the introduction of the e-Rupee reflects a strategic shift toward strengthening digital governance, enhancing payment efficiency, and reinforcing monetary sovereignty within an increasingly digital economy. This study explores the emerging role of CBDC in transforming India’s digital financial ecosystem, with particular emphasis on its implications for payment systems, policy transmission, and technological integration. The paper examines key features of CBDC, including its status as a risk-free sovereign currency, programmability, and potential to enable secure and efficient transactions. It further analyzes how CBDC can complement existing digital public infrastructure by improving transparency, reducing settlement risks, and supporting real-time payment innovations. The regulatory approach of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is also evaluated, particularly in areas of data governance, cybersecurity, and institutional readiness. The study is based on secondary data drawn from RBI reports, Bank for International Settlements (BIS) publications, and International Monetary Fund (IMF) studies. The findings suggest that CBDC holds significant potential to redefine digital transactions and strengthen the resilience of the financial system. However, challenges related to technological infrastructure, user adoption, privacy concerns, and regulatory clarity remain critical. The paper concludes by proposing policy measures to optimize CBDC implementation and enhance its effectiveness in India’s evolving digital economy.
CBDC, e-Rupee, Digital Governance, Digital Payments, Monetary Policy, Financial Innovation, RBI, Digital Economy
Impact of Corporate HRM to Dharmic Governance: Applying Indian Knowledge Systems to Improve Job Satisfaction in Delhi-NCR’s Edtech Workforce
The rapid expansion of the EdTech sector in the Delhi–NCR region has transformed the nature of work in the education industry, creating new opportunities as well as challenges related to employee well-being, work pressure, job security, and organizational culture. In this context, conventional Human Resource Management (HRM) practices often focus primarily on performance and productivity, sometimes overlooking the holistic well-being and ethical dimensions of the workforce. Drawing inspiration from the principles of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS), which emphasize ethical governance, collective welfare, and harmony between individual and organizational goals, this study explores how traditional Indian philosophical concepts can inform modern HR practices. The research particularly examines the transition from conventional corporate HRM approaches to a value-based framework inspired by Dharmic governance, rooted in concepts such as dharma, lokasangraha (collective welfare), and holistic development. The primary objective of the study is to analyze the impact of HR practices influenced by IKS principles on employee job satisfaction in the EdTech sector of Delhi–NCR. Using a mixed-method research design, the study collects primary data from employees working in various EdTech organizations through structured questionnaires and interviews. Key HR dimensions examined include leadership ethics, work-life balance, employee participation, organizational culture, and well-being initiatives. The findings aim to assess whether integrating ethical and holistic perspectives derived from IKS into HR policies can enhance job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and sustainable workplace practices. The study contributes to the emerging discourse on integrating indigenous knowledge systems with contemporary management practices, aligning with the national development vision of Viksit Bharat 2047. By proposing a Dharmic governance framework for HR management in the EdTech sector, the research offers practical insights for organizations seeking to create more ethical, sustainable, and employee-centric work environments. The findings are expected to provide a conceptual bridge between traditional Indian philosophical wisdom and modern organizational management, thereby supporting long-term sustainability and human-centered development in the knowledge economy.
Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS), Human Resource Management (HRM), Dharmic Governance, Employee Job Satisfaction, EdTech Sector, Ethical Leadership, Organizational Culture, Work-Life Balance, Employee Well-being, Sustainable Development
Comparative Analysis of Mental Health Status among Physical Education Teachers in Urban and Rural Schools
Mental health is a necessary element in the general well-being of teachers; it directly affects their professional performance, teaching effectiveness in the classroom, and students' learning outcomes positively or negatively. Physical Education (PE) teachers encounter specific occupational stressors such as physical demand, student handling difficulties, and scarcity of materials, which can vary in their effects on their mental health in urban and rural school environments. The present research sought to compare and evaluate the mental health status of PE teachers in urban and rural schools. The sampling method used was stratified random sampling, resulting in a sample size of 200 (100 from urban and 100 from rural areas) participants altogether. The study followed a quantitative, descriptive, and comparative research design. The primary assessment tools used for data collection were standardized questionnaires comprising the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) along with a demographic questionnaire. The analysis displayed considerable differences in the mental health scores of PE teachers in urban and rural areas, whereby urban teachers reported higher stress levels due to workload and performance, and rural teachers experienced isolation and lack of resources as the main problems. These findings highlight the necessity for interventions targeting, e.g., counseling services, training programs, and policy measures to improve teacher well-being. The study brings a new understanding of teacher occupational stress disparities and gives practical insights for mental health promotion in schools as well as the entire educational system.
Physical Education teacher, mental health, rural schools, urban schools, teacher well-being, occupational stress, comparative study.
A Study of Conceptual Evolution of Entrepreneurship Policy in India: A Comparative Theoretical Review
Entrepreneurship is vital for India's economic growth, job creation, and innovation. The government has introduced several policies to support entrepreneurs, including the MSME Policy, the Digital India Mission, the Skill India Mission, and the PM-MUDRA Yojana. This paper reviews and compares these four policies to understand how India's approach to supporting entrepreneurship has changed over time. The study uses secondary data from government reports, policy documents, and research papers. It compares the policies based on their goals, target groups, tools, agencies, and underlying ideas. The findings show that India’s entrepreneurship policies have evolved from traditional support for small businesses to digital tools, skill development, and financial help for micro-entrepreneurs. While these policies work together to support entrepreneurs, there are still gaps, especially in rural outreach, digital literacy, and linking skills with finance and technology. This study provides simple insights for policymakers and researchers to make India’s entrepreneurship ecosystem more effective, inclusive, and supportive for all.
Entrepreneurship, MSME, Digital India, Skill India, PM–MUDRA
Application of Indian Psychological Concepts (Sattva, Rajas, Tamas) in Sports Performance Analysis
Sports performance is inherently multidimensional, yet traditional Western psychological models often overlook culturally indigenous frameworks that may offer deeper resonance for athletes from non-Western backgrounds. This paper introduces the application of the ancient Indian Triguna theory—Sattva (purity, clarity and equanimity), Rajas (activity, passion and ambition) and Tamas (inertia, lethargy and resistance)—as a dynamic lens for sports performance analysis. Drawing from Samkhya philosophy and the Bhagavad Gita, the Triguna model conceptualizes mental states as modifiable qualities rather than fixed traits, with Sattva dominance fostering resilience, focus and sustainable excellence while moderating the disruptive effects of Rajas-driven burnout and Tamas-induced inconsistency. Through a comprehensive literature review, the paper synthesizes robust empirical evidence from positive psychology and yoga interventions demonstrating that higher Sattva correlates with adaptive coping, emotional regulation and well-being, whereas Rajas and Tamas link to stress and underperformance. Building on this foundation, the authors propose the Triguna-Based Performance Analysis Model (TBPAM), a novel four-phase framework integrating validated guna inventories (e.g., Vedic Personality Inventory) with sport-specific metrics for assessment, correlation, targeted intervention (yoga, mindfulness and sattvic practices) and longitudinal monitoring. A hypothetical case study of an elite cricketer illustrates TBPAM’s practical efficacy in enhancing performance consistency and holistic well-being. This culturally grounded approach bridges Indian psychological wisdom with contemporary sports science, offering coaches, psychologists and athletes actionable tools for mental optimization. Implications for culturally sensitive training programs and future empirical validation are discussed, positioning Triguna theory as a valuable contribution to global sports psychology. Keywords: Triguna theory, Sattva-Rajas-Tamas, sports performance analysis, Indian psychology, athlete mental toughness, Bhagavad Gita, yoga interventions, culturally indigenous frameworks, TBPAM, mental training
Assessing the Impact of Motivational Drivers on Institutional Efficacy: Human Capital Management as a Catalyst for Economic Growth
Management relies on human resource management. Like other businesses, educational institutions view human resources as their greatest asset, which can boost profits and lead to success. To succeed, companies must encourage employees repeatedly. Meeting employee needs motivates them. Addressing employee needs improves relevance and returns. Motivational factors and job satisfaction in degree college employees are examined in this study. This study examines compensation, recognition, and working environment as motivational factors. This study included 250 Lucknow's 25 aided and non-assisted degree college faculty. This data was collected by questionnaire. Working environment, recognition, and compensation positively and significantly affect motivation, according to the study. Motivated workers were happier. Keywords: Motivation, Job satisfaction, Sustainable Development Goals, Economic Growth
Creating Advanced Education System Through New Approaches of Learning as Per Nep2020
After independence, the Education system of India has undergone significant changes, beginning with the first National Education Policy (NEP) of 1968, followed by the revised policy in 1986. Now, after a long duration of 34 years, the Indian Cabinet finally adopted the 21st-century National Education Policy on July 29, 2020, with Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4)—“Inclusive and equitable quality education and lifelong learning for all.” In this globalised world, this policy gives a new, forward-looking and holistic vision to the Education system of India. The main focus of NEP 2020 is to introduce new innovative pedagogical practices in the curriculum aimed at enhancing teaching and learning effectiveness and outcomes. This paper focuses on discussing the various transformative changes in pedagogical initiatives, like: Differentiated Instruction as a flexible and inclusive pedagogical approach, Experiential learning pedagogical approach, Multidisciplinary and holistic pedagogical approach, Technology and digitally enhanced learning pedagogy, which is based on the review of NEP 2020 policy document and the relevant literature review that supports this study. Furthermore, it conducts a thorough analysis of different case studies to evaluate both the implementation processes in different states of India and the challenges faced in the implementation of innovative pedagogy. After analysing these aspects, this paper aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of innovative pedagogical aspects of NEP 2020 to the Indian education system.
NEP 2020, Innovative pedagogy, Differentiated instruction, Experiential learning, Technology, and Digitally enhanced learning.
Role of Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana to integrate with SDGs in Pratapgarh District of Uttar Pradesh
A National Mission for Financial Inclusion called "Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)" was unveiled on August 15, 2014. Because access to money is crucial for the impoverished and vulnerable in order to achieve the SDGs, financial inclusion is used as a vehicle for social transformation, such as lowering poverty and enhancing equality. Actually, providing financing to those in need is a means of empowering them. The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) has been widely adopted in the Pratapgarh district of Uttar Pradesh as part of the national campaign for financial inclusion and financial security. This article examines the influence of gender equality and economic status on the SDGs for PMJDY beneficiaries. It may be stated that PMJDY gives low-income households in rural Uttar Pradesh vital financial stability by offering basic savings accounts, RuPay debit cards, and accident insurance. With almost 55% of accounts held by women nationwide, the program has a significant impact on women's empowerment. This increases women's financial autonomy and access to DBT (Direct Benefit Transfers) in rural regions like those in Pratapgarh.
PMJDY, Sustainable Development Goals, Financial Inclusion, Gender Equality and DBT Introduction
The Psychology of Influence: Parasocial Relationships and Consumer Buying Behavior
In the evolving digital marketing landscape, social media influencers have emerged as powerful agents of persuasion, often surpassing traditional advertising in their impact. This study develops a conceptual framework to examine how parasocial relationships—one-sided emotional bonds between consumers and influencers—shape consumer trust and subsequently influence purchase intentions. Drawing upon the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), Source Credibility Theory, and Social Identity Theory, the paper argues that emotional engagement with influencers activates the peripheral route of persuasion, where trust becomes a key mediator between relational bonding and behavioral outcomes. The framework further introduces influencer–product congruence as a moderating variable, proposing that the perceived fit between an influencer’s persona and the endorsed product enhances message credibility and strengthens the trust–intention pathway. Through a synthesis of multidisciplinary literature, the study identifies key constructs, proposes testable hypotheses, and offers a visual model that integrates emotional, cognitive, and social dimensions of consumer decision-making. While the paper is conceptual in nature, it lays the groundwork for future empirical validation and provides strategic insights for marketers seeking to optimize influencer partnerships. Ethical considerations are also addressed, highlighting the need for transparency and responsible content practices in an era where emotional manipulation can blur the line between genuine recommendation and commercial persuasion. Ultimately, this study contributes to the theoretical advancement of influencer marketing by positioning parasocial bonding and trust as central drivers of consumer behavior. Keywords: Parasocial Relationship, Influencer Marketing, Consumer Trust, Purchase Intention, Source Credibility, Social Identity Theory
Impact of ESG Rating on Financial Performance of Nifty 50 Companies
The study investigates the relationship between ESG and the financial performance of Nifty 50 companies in India for the year 2025. Financial performance was measured using Return on Equity (ROE), Return on Investment (ROI), Return on Asset (ROA), Earning Per Share (EPS) and Net Profit Margin (NPM). The data was collected from the annual reports of the company, BSE & NSE website, ESG reports of respective company. The data was analyzed through descriptive statistics, correlation and linear regression method. The result indicates weak relationship between financial metrics and negative relationship between EPS. Regression analysis finds that ESG rating doesn’t have a significant relationship between financial metrics. The study reveals that ESG don’t influence the financial performance of Nifty 2025.
ESG, Financial Performance, Sustainability
Financial Soundness of Housing Finance Companies: A Comparative Study in Uttar Pradesh
The housing finance sector has emerged as one of the key drivers of economic development and urban growth in India, significantly contributing to employment generation, infrastructure development, and increased home ownership. At present, India’s housing finance market is expanding rapidly due to rising urbanization, government initiatives such as the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana, and growing demand for affordable housing. In this context, the present study attempts to comparatively analyze the financial performance of selected Housing Finance Companies (HFCs) operating in Uttar Pradesh with special reference to profitability, liquidity, and solvency. The study is based on secondary data collected from the annual reports and financial statements of selected HFCs for a period of five years. Financial indicators such as Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Current Ratio, and Debt-Equity Ratio were used to assess the financial position of the companies, while MS Excel and SPSS were employed for statistical analysis and interpretation. The findings of the study reveal considerable variations in the financial performance of the selected HFCs, where some companies showed strong profitability and sound solvency positions, whereas others experienced liquidity-related challenges. The study highlights the importance of efficient financial management, balanced capital structure, and risk management practices for ensuring long-term stability and sustainable growth in the housing finance sector, and provides useful insights for investors, policymakers, researchers, and financial managers.
Housing Finance Companies, Profitability, Liquidity, Solvency, Ratio Analysis, Financial Performance, ANOVA, Uttar Pradesh
Culturally Responsive Pedagogy in the Context of National Education Policy 2020: Implications for Transforming Indian Education
The National Education Policy 2020 describes the changes in the guiding vision and structural framework of the education system of India, which emphasize the significance of ‘inclusivity,’ ‘equity,’ and ‘integration of cultural diversity’ into the learning and teaching process. In the context of a culturally diverse society, it helps students that the learning and teaching approaches in the education system recognize and respect the different socio-cultural backgrounds of the learners. Culturally Responsive Pedagogy (CRP) is an instructional method that seeks to bridge the gap between the students’ cultural experiences and the pedagogy of learning. The present research aims to examine the significance of culturally responsive pedagogy in the context of the National Education Policy 2020 and its implications for the transformation of the education system of India. The research design of the study is descriptive in nature and is based on secondary research materials such as policies, research articles, and reports related to culturally responsive pedagogy and education reform in the context of India. The research analysis is mainly based on the major recommendations of the National Education Policy 2020, such as multilingual education, the inclusion of Indian knowledge systems, and the promotion of learning through experiences and culturally rooted curricula. The research findings show that the principles of culturally responsive pedagogy have strong similarities with the recommendations of the National Education Policy 2020 and have the potential to transform the education system of India to a great extent by giving it more inclusive and culturally responsive.
Culturally Relevant Pedagogy, National Education Policy 2020, Multilingual Education, Indian Knowledge System, Inclusive Pedagogy
Public Policy and Institutional Support for Sustainable Digital Entrepreneurship and Fintech Venture Intentions Among Indian Youth: Toward Viksit Bharat 2047
The tremendous growth of financial technology (FinTech) and digital platforms has brought about a major change in the entrepreneurial environment in emerging economies like India, and has opened a new window of opportunity for digital entrepreneurship among youth. Public policy frameworks and institutional support mechanisms play an important role in boosting entrepreneurial ecosystems and fostering startup activity. However, limited empirical evidence is available on how certain forms of policy and institutional support affect sustainable FinTech venture intentions among the Indian youth. This study focuses on the role of public policy and institutional support in influencing the intention of sustainable digital entrepreneurship and FinTech venture among Indian youth. Government policy support is regulatory facilitation and startup-oriented initiatives, financial support accessibility, funding opportunities, grants and investment mechanisms. Incubation and innovation infrastructure support include mentorship programs, accelerators, and university-based entrepreneurial assistance that improve entrepreneurial competencies. Primary data will be directed to management and commerce students who are between the ages of 18-30 years using a structured questionnaire. The proposed relationships will be analyzed by using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings are expected to provide some empirical insights in understanding how policy-driven and institutional ecosystem factors foster sustainable digital entrepreneurship and FinTech venture intentions among the youth in India and also offer some practical implications for policymakers and educational institutions to build a stronger digital startup ecosystem in India and support India's national development vision of Viksit Bharat 2047.
Digital Entrepreneurship, FinTech Entrepreneurship, Public Policy Support, Institutional Support, Sustainable Startup Intention.
Financial Inclusion Through Self-Help Groups (SHGs): A Catalyst for Women-Led Development
As per the vision of Viksit Bharat @ 2047, women-led development is a critical driver of inclusive and sustainable progress. Financial inclusion is a vital element for empowering women, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas where access to formal financial services is limited. Self-Help Groups (SHGs) have evolved as an effective means of bridging this gap, connecting underprivileged women to banking and financial systems. SHGs foster financial discipline and encourage women to participate in income-generating enterprises by offering collective savings, financing, and mutual assistance. This financial autonomy not only improves their economic condition but also enhances their confidence, decision-making power, and social status. The integration of SHGs with official banking institutions and government programs has increased their impact. This study is based on secondary data, and it finds that SHGs are playing a significant role in financial inclusion, grassroots entrepreneurship, and poverty reduction. Furthermore, the use of Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), such as digital payments, is increasing financial access and inclusion. Overall, SHGs serve as a powerful catalyst for women-led development and are critical to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and to creating a developed India by 2047. Keywords: Financial Inclusion, Self-Help Groups (SHGs), Women-led Development, Viksit Bharat @2047, Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI).
Digital India and Transparency in Governance: Opportunities and Challenges
This study examines the role of the Digital India initiative in enhancing transparency in governance, with a focus on digital payment systems such as UPI. The study uses data collected from secondary sources between 2016 and 2024. It includes information on the number of UPI transactions, the total value of those transactions, the number of banks involved, and measures of corruption. The study looks at trends and uses a statistical method called Pearson Correlation Coefficient to see how digital payments are connected to corruption. The results show that as digital payment systems like UPI grow, corruption tends to decrease, meaning more people using digital financial services is linked to less corruption. The study emphasizes that Digital India has substantial potential to improve transparency and accountability in governance. However, there are still some problems like the gap in access to technology, dangers from online threats, and not enough knowledge about these issues. The paper ends by offering ideas to improve digital systems and encourage wider use of digital tools so that governance works better.
Digital India, Transparency in Governance, Unified Payments Interface (UPI), Digital Payments, Corruption, Trend Analysis.
Central Bank Digital Currency in India: Implications of the e-Rupee for Banking Operations and Payment Systems
The design of Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) represents a structural shift in the architecture of modern payment systems. In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) launched the digital rupee (e‑Rupee) with the objective of reducing transaction costs, enhancing payment efficiency and strengthening monetary transmission, and supporting financial inclusion. This paper examines the impact of the e‑Rupee on the Indian banking system and payment ecosystem. Using a conceptual–analytical approach supported by secondary data, policy documents, and early pilot observations, the study evaluates implications for banks, payment intermediaries, consumers, and regulators. The paper finds that while the e‑Rupee has the capability to improve payment security, settlement efficiency, and resilience, it also raises concerns regarding bank disintermediation, data privacy, and operational readiness. The study concludes that the success of the e‑Rupee will depend on careful design choices, phased implementation, and coordination between the RBI, banks, and fintech firms.
Central Bank Digital Currency, e‑Rupee, Digital Payments, Banking System, RBI, Financial Innovation
UPI and Financial Inclusion: Transforming Digital Financial Access in India
Financial Inclusion remains a key priority for India’s economic development, aiming to ensure the individuals across all sections of society have access to formal financial services. In recent years, digital innovations have significantly accelerated this objective, with the Unified Payment Interface (UPI) emerging as a major driver of change. By enabling instant, secure, and low-cost transactions, UPI has transformed the way of financial services are accessed and utilized across the country. This study examines the role of UPI in expanding financial inclusion by improving accessibility, affordability and efficiency of digital financial services. The rapid adoption of mobile-based payment system has facilitated greater participation of rural populations, small business and previously unbanked individuals in the formal financial systems. It is also reducing dependence on cash transactions and enhanced transparency within the financial ecosystem. This study adopts a conceptual and analytical approach based on secondary data from various reports, academic literature and policy documents. The finding indicate that UPI has significantly contributed to bridging the financial access gap, although challenges such as digital literacy, infrastructure limitations and security concern still persist. The study highlighted that UPI has significantly increased digital transaction volume and expanded financial access across diverse population segments.
Financial Inclusion, UPI, Digital Infrastructure, FinTech, Cashless Economy, Digital Banking, India
Theoretical Insights into MUDRA Yojana and Entrepreneurial Empowerment in India
This theoretical research paper critically examines the Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY) as a strategic policy instrument aimed at fostering entrepreneurial empowerment among India’s micro and small enterprises. Drawing upon financial inclusion theory, entrepreneurship development models, and inclusive growth paradigms, the study explores the conceptual foundations of the scheme and its alignment with national development goals. The paper synthesizes insights from fifteen scholarly sources to construct a conceptual framework that positions MUDRA credit as an independent variable influencing entrepreneurial outcomes, mediated by factors such as financial literacy, institutional support, gender inclusion, and digital access. Through a structured analysis, the research reveals that while MUDRA Yojana has expanded access to institutional credit, its transformative potential is contingent upon ecosystem-level enablers. The discussion highlights persistent challenges including regional disparities, gendered barriers, and weak monitoring mechanisms, which limit the scheme’s ability to deliver sustainable empowerment. The study concludes that credit alone is insufficient; it must be embedded within a supportive infrastructure to catalyze inclusive and resilient entrepreneurship. Policy recommendations are offered to strengthen the scheme’s impact, including capacity-building, gender-sensitive outreach, and digital integration.
MUDRA Yojana, Financial Inclusion, Entrepreneurial Empowerment, Microfinance, Inclusive Growth, Public Policy, Women Entrepreneurship, Credit Access, Development Theory
Viksit Bharat @ 2047: Economic, Social and Environmental Dimension
India, approaching its centenary of independence in 2047, aspires to emerge as a developed nation, a vision widely referred to as Viksit Bharat. Achieving this goal requires a multi-dimensional approach that balances rapid economic growth, inclusive social development, and environmental sustainability. The current status of India across these three dimensions, identifies the structural and policy challenges, and explores strategies necessary for transforming the nation into a globally competitive, equitable, and sustainable economy. The study underscores the importance of technological innovation, digital governance, and human capital development as catalysts for achieving high productivity, employment generation, and social empowerment. It also highlights the need for environmental stewardship, focusing on renewable energy adoption, climate resilience, and sustainable resource management to mitigate the impacts of climate change. The paper examines critical factors such as industrialization, technological innovation, human capital development, healthcare, education, gender equality, and environmental conservation, highlighting their interdependence in driving holistic progress. It also identifies challenges, including population growth, income inequality, resource management, and climate change, which must be addressed through effective policy interventions and governance reforms. By integrating economic efficiency with social justice and environmental responsibility, India can aspire to achieve a sustainable and inclusive model of development. This research provides insights into actionable strategies, policy frameworks, and technological initiatives necessary to realize the dream of a Viksit Bharat in 2047, ensuring long-term well-being for all citizens.
Viksit Bharat, India 2047, economic development, social development, environmental sustainability, inclusive growth, human capital, climate resilience.
Decolonizing Education through Indian Knowledge Systems: NEP 2020 and the Path toward Sustainable and Skilled India @2047
The National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) represents a transformative shift in India’s educational landscape, positioning Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) as a central mechanism for decolonizing education and reversing the epistemological legacies of colonial rule. Colonial frameworks historically privileged Western epistemologies while systematically marginalizing indigenous intellectual traditions, creating enduring epistemic hierarchies that NEP 2020 seeks to dismantle. Following a systematic review of 50+ peer-reviewed sources, policy documents, and institutional reports spanning 2000–2026, and employing qualitative thematic analysis, this paper proposes a three-pillar conceptual model: Epistemic Justice and Decolonization, Synergy with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and Skill Formation for Viksit Bharat @2047. Traditional knowledge domains, including Ayurveda, Yoga, Vedic Mathematics, sustainable agriculture, and indigenous ecological practices, are analyzed in relation to SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG 4 (Quality Education), SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 13 (Climate Action), and SDG 15 (Life on Land). The study identifies a critical gap in systematic empirical research on the measurable impact of IKS integration on learning outcomes, cognitive development, and employability. Drawing on emerging institutional evidence, illustrative case studies, and global comparative models from Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Finland, the findings demonstrate that IKS enhances cognitive capabilities, cultural identity, sustainability awareness, and vocational competencies. Key implementation challenges, including faculty preparedness, regional disparities, and epistemic bias, are critically examined. The paper concludes with five actionable policy recommendations for the sustainable, community-anchored implementation of IKS, aligned with the Viksit Bharat @2047 vision.
: Indian Knowledge Systems, National Education Policy 2020, Decolonizing Education, Sustainable Development Goals, Viksit Bharat @2047, Epistemic Justice, Skill Development
Impact of Business Analytics to Predict Consumer Adoption of Sustainable Products
The growing awareness of environmental sustainability has prompted businesses to develop eco-friendly products, yet consumer adoption of such products remains inconsistent. This research investigates the role of business analytics in predicting consumer behavior toward sustainable products. By leveraging data-driven techniques such as predictive modeling, machine learning algorithms, and sentiment analysis, the study aims to identify key factors influencing consumer preferences, purchasing decisions, and adoption patterns. The findings highlight how businesses can optimize marketing strategies, personalize product offerings, and enhance decision-making processes to increase the acceptance of sustainable products. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the strategic importance of integrating business analytics into sustainability initiatives, demonstrating that actionable insights derived from consumer data can significantly influence both market success and environmental impact. This research provides a framework for organizations to harness analytics not only as a tool for operational efficiency but also as a catalyst for promoting sustainable consumption.
Business Analytics, Consumer Adoption, Sustainable Products, Predictive Modeling, Machine Learning, Consumer Behavior, Eco-friendly Products, Data-driven Decision Making, Sustainability Marketing, Sentiment Analysis